Dust Mite Allergies
Hypersensitivity to house dust mite is a widespread problem in allergy. Approximately one-third of all patients who test positive to other allergens are also sensitive to mites. According to recent research, mite allergy is particularly problematic in the very young. Dermatophagoides species usually comprise greater than 90% of mites present in households: however, the relative geographic distribution of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae varies considerably.
Traditionally, mite allergen exposure was assessed by microscopic identification and by counting isolated mites. This is a time-consuming process, and may underestimate the allergen contribution of mite fecal particles. In vitro assay using the RAST procedure is a relatively new and effective method for measuring serum IgE specific to mite. Most studies indicate a high rate of cross-reactivity between Dermatophagoides species.
Mites are commonly associated with allergic disease of the respiratory tract, and desensitization of house dust mite sensitive asthmatics is successful in a high percentage of cases. Hyposensitization therapy can likewise be effective in the reduction of symptoms in atopic patients (skin allergies) with mite allergy. Some patients are sensitive to mites only, and in these cases immunotherapy is highly effective. In addition, an effective environmental control regimen can prove useful in minimizing the patient's discomfort and lessening immediate symptoms.
Mite Control: Minimizing the Effect of House Dust Mites
We live with house dust mites throughout our environment. These microscopic creatures feed on dander and skin scales which make them most numerous and happy in beds, mattresses, sofas and upholstered furniture. Mites multiply rapidly when a house is sealed, the temperature is warm and humidity is mite-optimum (80% relative humidity). Although it is virtually impossible to totally eliminate house dust mites from our environment, we can take steps to inhibit their multiplication and thereby minimize the effect on the patient who is allergic to house dust mites.
The following suggestions should prove useful in controlling mite populations, and therefore should lessen the patient's symptoms as they pertain to mites. Since the controlling steps are demanding, costly and rigorous to apply to the entire home, it is suggested that at least the sleeping area of the allergic patient be maintained to these specifications:
- Avoid the use of carpeting. Bare floors (hardwood, vinyl or tile) are best: if carpet is used, low pile is preferable.
- Remove upholstered furniture, books, records, piles of newspapers and magazines, knickknacks, stuffed animals, wall hangings and other "dust collectors" from the room.
- Encase mattresses and box springs in airtight plastic, seal zippers on these casings with tape.
- Eliminate feather pillows, stuffed quilts, comforters, and mattress pads. Use non-allergenic pillows (foam or synthetic rubber) encased in sealed plastic or in washable covers, and use washable synthetic blankets.
- Change all bed coverings every three days. Washable blankets may be substituted for mattress pads.
- Launder or wash curtains once a week, if possible.
- Vacuum floors, wet mop and dust with damp cloth daily. Room should be properly aired after vacuuming.
- It is preferable that the allergic patient not be present when the vacuuming and dusting is being done.
- Change furnace and air conditioning filters frequently. Electrostatic filters may be more effective in filtering out dust, mites and inhalant particles.
- Use air conditioning to control the temperature during warm months. Central air conditioning is preferred, but window units are also helpful. Dehumidifiers may prove useful in altering the environment for mites.
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